Exam technique

Exam command words explained

Learn what common exam command words mean and how to match your answer to the task, marks, subject and exam-board guidance.

Common exam command words and what they usually ask for

Use this as a working guide, not as a universal mark scheme. The wording used by your subject and board can change the exact expectation.

Common command words paired with the answer habit each one usually needs.

Command wordWhat it usually asks you to doHelpful answer habit

Describe

Set out what something is like, what happened or what is shown.

Give relevant details, not just a label.

Explain

Give reasons, causes or links so the examiner can see why something happens or matters.

Use “because”, “therefore” or “this means” only where they make the link clearer.

Justify

Support a choice, answer or judgement with reasons and evidence.

Make the point, then show why it is a strong or sensible answer.

Analyse

Break something down and show how parts link together.

Go beyond description by explaining relationships, causes or effects.

Discuss

Consider different sides, reasons or evidence.

Build a balanced response where the question needs one.

Assess

Weigh evidence or arguments and make a judgement.

Make the judgement clear rather than listing points only.

Evaluate

Judge how far something is successful, important, convincing or useful.

Use evidence, then explain the strength or limitation of that evidence.

Examine

Look closely at details or significance.

Explore the idea carefully and link details back to the question.

How to turn a command word into an answer plan

Use this as a quick exam-technique routine when you see command words in exam questions.

This routine is not a guarantee of marks. It is a way to slow down, read accurately and practise matching your answer to the task.

  • Circle the command word

    Decide the basic task: information, reasons, comparison, analysis, judgement or something else.

  • Underline the focus words

    These tell you which part of the topic to answer, and which parts to leave out.

  • Check the marks

    Use the marks as a clue to depth, but do not assume more writing always means more marks.

  • Choose the answer shape

    For example: point only, point plus reason, evidence plus judgement, or balanced argument.

  • Check back before moving on

    Ask whether your answer has done the exact task the question set.

Common mistakes to avoid with command words

Watch for these patterns when you practise.

A good revision habit is to compare your answer with the mark scheme or examiner commentary for that exact paper, then ask what the command word changed about your response.

  • Listing facts when the question asks you to explain a link.

  • Writing a balanced discussion when the question only asks for a description.

  • Giving a judgement without evidence when the question asks you to assess or evaluate.

  • Ignoring the marks and writing too little or far too much.

  • Using a memorised definition of the command word but missing the topic, source or data in the question.

References and further reading

The references below support the exam-board caveats, command-word meanings and key-term definitions used in this guide.

Related guidance

More guidance from this section

More guidance from this part of the Ed Centre that may help with the same decision, stage or next step.

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How to revise a week before the exam

A calm final-week plan for students: focus your revision, use exam-style practice well, protect sleep, check your materials and avoid the cramming traps that make exams feel harder.

Support and clarity

Frequently asked questions

Straight answers to the questions people ask most often.

What are command words in exams?

Command words are instruction words or phrases that tell you what kind of response the question is asking for. They help you decide whether to describe, explain, analyse, evaluate or do another task. You still need to read the topic, marks and any source material in the question.

Do exam command words mean the same thing for every exam board?

Not always. Many meanings are similar, but exact expectations can vary by subject, qualification and board. Use a general list for revision, then check your own specification, syllabus, sample papers or mark schemes when the exact wording matters.

How do command words affect answer structure?

The command word gives a clue about answer shape. Describe usually needs details, explain usually needs reasons or links, and evaluate usually needs evidence plus a judgement. The marks and the rest of the question decide how much depth is needed.

Should I use an exam command words PDF?

A one-page checklist can be useful for quick revision, but it should not replace your own course materials. Only use resources that clearly match your subject, qualification and exam board. This page focuses on how to read command words rather than offering a separate PDF download.

Are assess, evaluate and discuss the same thing?

They can overlap, but they are not automatically the same. Discuss often asks you to consider more than one side or angle. Assess and evaluate usually need a reasoned judgement based on evidence. Check the exact wording and your subject guidance.

How much detail should an explain question include?

Use the marks, context and subject guidance to decide. A short explain question may need one clear reason or link; a longer one may need several connected points. The important thing is to show why something happens or why it matters, not just name it.

Sources and references

Sources and references

Official guidance

Peer-reviewed research

Internal pages