These short illustrative examples show explanations you can look for when judging teaching. They draw on upper-primary maths and reading skills, alongside reasoning question types. Actual test materials vary in length and difficulty.
Maths: explain why the parts must be the same size
Suppose a child writes 3/4 + 1/8 = 4/12, adding both the top and bottom numbers. The problem is that quarters and eighths are different-sized parts. Split each quarter in two: three quarters becomes six eighths. Now 6/8 + 1/8 = 7/8.
A clearer response is: “I changed three quarters into six eighths, then added one more eighth.” The denominator stays eight because the parts are still eighths. Follow with 1/2 + 1/8 without prompting. Getting 5/8 and explaining the conversion shows more than copying the first answer. Equivalent fractions and this kind of addition sit within England’s Year 5 maths curriculum.
English: connect an inference to the words
Consider this original passage: “Maya paused at the hall door, twisting the corner of her invitation. When her friend waved, she let out a breath and stepped inside.”
Ask how Maya seems to feel at first. “She is nervous” is a plausible inference, but needs support. A fuller explanation is: “Maya seems nervous because she pauses at the door and twists her invitation.” The actions support the interpretation; there is no need to invent a reason from her past.
Next ask which action suggests she feels more at ease. “She let out a breath and stepped inside” provides evidence of the change. Justifying inferences is an upper-Key Stage 2 reading skill. In a multiple-choice test, the same reasoning helps a child choose between answers; this practice explanation is not a prescribed written exam response.
Reasoning: state the rule before choosing
For the word relationship author : novel :: composer : ?, the link is a person and something they create. “Symphony” fits. “Piano” is connected with music but does not follow that relationship. A follow-up such as poet : poem :: sculptor : ? checks the same idea with new vocabulary: “sculpture” fits.
For a visual pattern, imagine arrows pointing ↑ (up), → (right), ↓ (down). Each turns a quarter-turn clockwise, so the next points ← (left). If their shading also alternates white, black, white, the next arrow must be black. Checking only the shading could leave the child choosing an arrow that points the wrong way. A useful explanation checks both rules against the sequence.